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Siward Barn () was an 11th-century English thegn and landowner-warrior. He appears in the extant sources in the period following the Norman Conquest of England, joining the northern resistance to William the Conqueror by the end of the 1060s. Siward's resistance continued until his capture on the Isle of Ely alongside Æthelwine, Bishop of Durham, Earl Morcar, and Hereward ("the Wake")as cited in the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle''. Siward and his confiscated properties in central and northern England were mentioned in ''Domesday Book'', and from this it is clear that he was one of the main ''antecessors'' of Henry de Ferrers, father of Robert de Ferrers, the first Earl of Derby. Following his capture in 1071, he was imprisoned. This incarceration lasted until 1087, when a guilt-ridden King William, in expectation of his own death, ordered Siward's release. Firm evidence of Siward's later life is non-existent, but some historians have argued that he took up a career in the Varangian Guard at Constantinople, in the service of the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos. The sources upon which this theory is based also allege that Siward led a party of English colonists to the Black Sea, who renamed their conquered territory New England. ==Origins== Identifying Siward's origin is difficult for historians because of the large number of Siwards in England in the mid-11th century. Other notable Siwards include Siward of Maldon and Siward Grossus, both men of substance with landholdings larger or comparable to Siward Barn's.〔Clarke, ''English Nobility'', pp. 32–3〕 The Anglo-Norman writer Orderic Vitalis, when describing William the Conqueror's stay at Barking, says that Morcar, formerly Earl of Northumbria, and Edwine, Earl of Mercia, came and submitted to King William, followed by Copsi, Earl of Northumbria, along with Thurkil of Limis, Eadric the Wild, and "Ealdred and Siward, the sons of Æthelgar, grandsons (grand-nephews ) (''pronepotes'') of King Edward".〔Chibnall (ed.), ''Ecclesiastical History'', vol. ii, p. 195〕 Edward Augustus Freeman and other historians have thought that this Siward was Siward Barn, arguing that Siward must have been a descendant of Uhtred the Bold, Earl of Northumbria, and Ælfgifu, daughter of King Æthelred the Unready, King Edward's father.〔For some citations, see Chibnall (ed.), ''Ecclesiastical History'', vol. ii, p. 194, n. 4〕 Historian and translator of Orderic, Marjorie Chibnall, pointed out that this Siward is mentioned later in his ''Ecclesiastical History'' as a Shropshire landowner, in connection with the foundation of Shrewsbury Abbey.〔Chibnall (ed.), ''Ecclesiastical History'', vol. ii, p. 194–5, n. 4,〕 Ann Williams likewise rejected this identification, identifying this Siward firmly with the Shropshire thegn Siward Grossus.〔Williams, ''The English'', pp. 8, 89–6, 175–6; she does not call him "Grossus", but this is the nickname used by Clarke, ''English Nobility'', pp. 339–40 et passim〕 According to Williams' reconstruction, Siward Grossus and his brother Ealdred were the sons of Æthelgar by a daughter of Eadric Streona, Ealdorman of Mercia and Eadgyth, another daughter of King Æthelred, explaining the relationship Orderic believed they had with Edward the Confessor.〔See, especially, table vi, Williams, ''The English'', p. 91〕 Another historian, Forrest Scott, guessed that Siward was a member of the family of Northumbrian earls, presumably connected in some way to Siward, Earl of Northumbria.〔Scott, "Earl Waltheof", p. 172〕 Margaret Faull and Marie Stinson, the editors of the Philimore ''Domesday Book'' for Yorkshire, believed that Siward was "a senior member of the house of Bamburgh and possibly a brother or half-brother of Earl Gospatric".〔Faull and Stinson, ''Domesday Book: Yorkshire'', part ii, s.v. "SIGVARTHBARN", page number not marked, but in appendix, section 4 "Biographies of Tenants: English"〕 Another historian, Geoffrey Barrow, pointed out that Faull and Stinson gave no evidence for this assertion, and doubted the hypothesis because of Siward's Danish name.〔Barrow, "Companions of the Atheling", p. 40〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Siward Barn」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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